90+ SQL Commands for Efficient Database Management

Looking for the SQL commands to effectively control your database?

Have you ever imagined how websites and apps handle their data? Well, the secret is in something called databases. They use a special language called SQL (Structured Query Language) to manage and organize all their data.

SQL acts as a foundation for relational database management systems (RDBMS). It offers a robust and consistent approach to engaging with databases.

Whether you are a database analyst, a software developer, or just starting your data journey, understanding SQL commands is essential for efficient data manipulation and retrieval.

In this blog, we will talk about 90+ SQL commands that will help you feel more comfortable when working with databases.

Table of Contents

SQL Commands

Number	Command	USe For
1	Select	Retrieve data from a database
2	Insert	Inserts new data into a database
3	UPDATE	Updates existing data in a database
4	DELETE	Deletes data from a database
5	CREATE DATABASE	Creates a new database
6	CREATE TABLE	Creates a new table in a database
7	ALTER TABLE	Modifies an existing table structure
8	DROP TABLE	Deletes a table from a database
9	TRUNCATE TABLE	Removes all records from a table
10	CREATE INDEX	Creates an index on a table
11	DROP INDEX	Deletes an index from a table
12	JOIN	Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column
13	INNER JOIN	Returns rows when there is a match in both tables
14	LEFT JOIN	Returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the right table
15	RIGHT JOIN	Returns all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the left table
16	FULL JOIN	Returns rows when there is a match in one of the tables
17	UNION	Combines the results of two or more SELECT statements
18	UNION ALL	Combines the results of two or more SELECT statements, including duplicates
19	GROUP BY	Groups rows that have the same values into summary rows @code_learning
20	HAVING	Filters records based on a specified condition
21	ORDER BY	Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order
22	COUNT	Returns the number of rows that satisfy the condition
23	SUM	Calculates the sum of a set of values
24	AVG	Calculates the average of a set of values
25	MIN	Returns the smallest value in a set of values
26	MAX	Returns the largest value in a set of values
27	DISTINCT	Selects unique values from a column
28	WHERE	Filters records based on specified conditions
29	AND	Combines multiple conditions in a WHERE clause
30	OR	Specifies multiple alternative conditions in a WHERE clause
31	NOT	Negates a condition in a WHERE clause
32	BETWEEN	Selects values within a specified range
33	IN	Specifies multiple values for a column
34	LIKE	Selects rows that match a specified pattern
35	IS NULL	Checks for NULL values in a column
36	IS NOT NULL	Checks for non-NULL values in a column
37	EXISTS	Tests for the existence of any record in a subquery
38	CASE	Performs conditional logic in SQL statements
39	WHEN	Specifies conditions in a CASE statement
40	THEN	Specifies the result if a condition is true in a CASE statement
41	ELSE	Specifies the result if no condition is true in a CASE statement
42	END	Ends the CASE statement
43	PRIMARY KEY	Uniquely identifies each record in a table
44	FOREIGN KEY	Establishes a relationship between tables
45	CONSTRAINT	Enforces rules for data in a table
46	DEFAULT	Specifies a default value for a column
47	NOT NULL	Ensures that a column cannot contain NULL values
48	UNIQUE	Ensures that all values in a column are unique
49	CHECK	Enforces a condition on the values in a column
50	CASCADE	Automatically performs a specified action on related records
51	SET NULL	Sets the value of foreign key columns to NULL when a referenced record is deleted SET
52	DEFAULT	Sets the value of foreign key columns to their default value when a referenced record is deleted
53	NO ACTION	Specifies that no action should be taken on related records when a referenced record is deleted
54	RESTRICT	Restricts the deletion of a referenced record if there are related records
55	CASE WHEN	Conditional expression in SELECT statements
56	WITH	Defines a common table expression (CTE)
57	INTO	Specifies a target table for the result set of SELECT statement
58	TOP	Limits the number of rows returned by a query
59	LIMIT	Limits the number of rows returned by a query (used in some SQL dialects)
60	OFFSET	Specifies the number of rows to skip before starting to return rows
61	FETCH	Retrieves rows from a result set one at a time
62	ROW_NUMBER( )	Assigns a unique sequential integer to each row in a result set
63	RANK( )	Assigns a unique rank to each row in a result set, with gaps in the ranking sequence possible
64	DENSE_RANK( )	Assigns a unique rank to each row in a result set, with no gaps in the ranking sequence
65	NTILE( )	Divides the result set into a specified number of equally sized groups
66	LEAD( )	Retrieves the value from the next row in a result set
67	LAG( )	Retrieves the value from the previous row in a result set
68	PARTITION BY	Divides the result set into partitions to which the window function is applied separately
69	ORDER BY	Specifies the order of rows within each partition for window functions
70	ROWS	Specifies the window frame for window functions
71	RANGE	Specifies the window frame based on values rather than rows for window functions
72	CURRENT_TIMESTAMP	Returns the current date and time
73	CURRENT_DATE	Returns the current date
74	CURRENT_TIME	Returns the current time
75	DATEADD	Adds a specified time interval to a date
76	DATEDIFF	Calculate the difference between the two dates
77	DATEPART	Extracts a specific part of a date
78	GETDATE	Returns the current date and time (similar to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
79	GROUPING SETS	Specifies multiple groupings for aggregation
80	CUBE	Generates all possible combinations of grouping sets for aggregation
81	ROLLUP	Generates subtotal values for a hierarchy of values
82	INTERSECT	Returns the intersection of two result sets
83	EXCEPT	Returns the difference between two result sets
84	MERGE	Performs insert, update, or delete operations on a target table based on the results of a join with a source table
85	CROSS APPLY	Performs a correlated subquery against each row of the outer table
86	OUTER APPLY	Similar to CROSS APPLY, but also returns rows from the outer table that have no matching rows in the inner table
87	PIVOT	Rotates a table-valued expression by turning the unique values from one column into multiple columns in the output
88	UNPIVOT	Rotates a table-valued expression by turning multiple columns into unique rows in the output
89	COALESCE	Returns the first non-NULL expression in a list
90	NULLIF	Returns NULL if the two specified expressions are equal, otherwise returns the first expression
91	IIF	Returns one of two values based on a Boolean expression
92	CONCAT	Concatenates two or more strings
93	SUBSTRING	Extracts a substring from a string
94	CHARINDEX	Finds the position of a substring within a string
95	REPLACE	Replaces all occurrences of a specified substring within a string with another substring
96	LEN	Returns the length of a string
97	UPPER	Converts a string to uppercase
98	LOWER	Converts a string to lowercase
99	TRIM	Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string
100	ROUND	Rounds a numeric value to a specified number of decimal places

Conclusion

SQL commands are the foundation of effective database management, allowing users to effortlessly engage with and control data. Whether you are retrieving information or modifying the structure of the tables, having strong SQL commands is vital for individuals involved in relational databases.

When you use these commands the right way, you can make the most out of your database and make sure your application runs really well.

Thanks for reading this blog. We hope this article provided helpful information regarding SQL commands.

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